Reproduction in Animals

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Reproduction in Animals
Male Reproductive System

→ It consists of testis, sperm duct and penis.

→ Testes are involved in the production of male gametes called sperms.

→ Millions of sperms are produced by the testes.

→ Each sperm consists of three parts: Head, middle piece and tail.

Female reproductive system

→ It consists of ovaries, oviduct and uterus.

→ Ovaries produce ova or eggs.

→ A single matured egg is released from ovary into oviduct every month.

→ Baby develops in the uterus.

→ Egg is also single celled like sperm.

Fertilization

→ The process of fusion of male and female gametes (egg and sperm) to form zygote is known as fertilization.

→ It is of two types:
(i) Internal fertilization
(ii) External fertilization

Internal fertilization

→ In this, the fusion of sperm and egg takes place inside the female's body.

→ It occurs in cows, dogs and humans.

External fertilization

→ In this, the fusion of sperm and egg takes place outside the female's body in a surrounding medium, generally water.

→ It occurs in frogs, fishes, starfish, etc.

Test tube baby

→ A baby conceived by fertilization that occurs outside the mother’s body is called test tube baby.

→ Development of the embryo

→ The zygote repeatedly divides to form a ball of cells.

→ The ball of cells then starts differentiating into tissues and organs. At this stage, it is called embryo.

→ Embryo gets attached to the wall of the uterus and develops various body parts such as hands and legs.

→ Foetus is a stage of embryo that shows main recognizable feature of mature organism.

→ Foetus develops for nine months inside the mother’s womb and is finally delivered.

Fertilization in Humans

→  Fusion of the nucleus of the sperm with the ovum to form a zygote. It occurs in the fallopian tube of females.

→ Zygote divides to form an embryo.

→ Embryo is implanted in the uterus.

→ Foetus develops inside the mother’s body for nine months (gestation period).

Asexual reproduction

→ The type of reproduction which involves only a single parent and the new individuals are formed without the fusion of gametes is known as asexual reproduction.

• Three common methods of asexual reproduction are:
(i) Budding
(ii) Fission

(iii) Cloning

Budding

→ It involves the formation of new individual from the bulging of the parent body.

→ This phenomenon is very common in plants, fungi and animals such as Hydra and yeast.

Fission

→ Binary fission is the type of asexual reproduction that occurs in Amoeba.

→ It is a type of asexual reproduction in which a single cell divides into two halves.

Cloning

→ Cloning is the process used to create an exact copy of a cell, tissue or an organism.

→ Dolly, a sheep was the first mammal to be cloned. It was cloned by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues in 1996.

Oviparous animals

→ The animals that lay eggs are called oviparous animals.

→ The examples include all kinds of birds, lizards, snakes, and frogs.

Viviparous animals

→ The animals that give birth to young ones are called viviparous animals.

→ The examples include cows, dogs, and humans.

Metamorphosis

→ The biological process of transformation of larva into an adult is known as metamorphosis.

• The life cycle of frog consists of the following stages:
Egg → Tadpole (larva) → Adult

→ Hormones controlling metamorphosis in frogs

→ Thyroxin (produced by the thyroid gland) initiates the process of a tadpole’s metamorphosis into an adult frog.

→ In the absence of thyroxin, the tadpole does not transform into an adult and remains in the tadpole stage.

Life cycle of silkworm

→ Silkworm grows on mulberry trees and feeds on its leaves.

→ During a stage in its life cycle, silkworm spins a cocoon around itself.

→ Silk is obtained from this cocoon.

Hormone responsible for metamorphosis in insects

→ In insects, metamorphosis is controlled by the insect hormones. Some of the insect hormones are:
(i) Prothoracicotropic Hormone (PTTH)
(ii) Ecdysone
(iii) Juvenile Hormone (JH)

Rain on the Roof class 9 imp

Rain on the Roof Important Questions Class 9 Beehive English

By AARISH Sir

Question 1. Write the central theme of the poem ‘Rain on the Roof.

Answer

The central idea or theme of the poem “Rain on the Roof’ is that the pattering of the rain on the roof gives the poet solace and he is lost in many fancies. He dreams of his mother, who loved him dearly. The rain provides him with great happiness.

Question 2. Why does the poet call the sound of the rain as “refrain”?

Answer

A refrain is a line repeatedly used in a song or a poem. The drops of rain produce a piece of distinct and continuous music by way of their pattering. This repetitive sound of the rain is called ‘refrain’ by the poet.

Question 3. What does the poet like to do when it rains?

Answer

When it rains the poet like to keep lying in his cosy bed and enjoy listening to the patter of soft raindrops.

Question 4. Do you think the poet enjoys the rain?

Answer

At first when the clouds gather and rain starts, the poet is filled with dismay and gloom at the gathering darkness. His mood is somber. However, the patter of the raindrops on the shingles soon soothes him and his mind is filled with imaginings and fond memories of his mother.

Question 5. How is the movement before rain described in the poem?

Answer

Before the rain, the dark wet shadows of clouds come over the sky. The stars seem to be turned into big spheres and covered under these clouds. Suddenly it starts raining.

Question 6. What is a ‘bliss’ for the poet in the poem ‘Rain on the Roof?

Answer

The poet thinks it is blissful to lie in his cozy bed with his head on the pillow and listen to the sound of rain falling on the shingles of the roof. He enjoys the music of nature which arouses fantasies and memories in his mind.

Question 7. Describe the weather just before the rain starts.

Answer

As described by the poet, the weather before the rain is humid. It is dark, and the starry night sky is covered by thick clouds just before it begins to rain.

Question 8. What is the setting of the poem?

Answer

The poet is lying comfortably snug in his bed with his head pressed against the pillow, in a room in his cottage listening to the patter of the soft rain as it falls on the shingles of the roof.

Question 9. How is the mood of the poet contrasted with the mood of darkness?

Answer

Whereas the darkness is in a sad and gloomy mood, the poet is in a happy mood as he considers it bliss to lie comfortably in bed pressing the head against the pillow and listening to the music made by the showers of the rain.

Question 10. How old do you think the poet is? Justify your answer.

Answer

The poet is a young man. He remembers his mother looking down at him and his siblings, who are sleeping in their room, long ago. The poet’s mother also is no longer alive as he says she lives on in his memories.

Question 11. What are the poet’s feelings as the rain falls on the shingles?

Answer

As the rain falls on the shingles, its tinkling sound creates an echo in the poet’s heart. As he listens to the patter of the raindrops on the roof, his gloom is lifted and his heart is filled with a thousand fantasies and fond memories of his mother.

Question 12. What does the poet like to do when it rains?

Answer

When it rains, the poet wants to lie on the bed in a cottage and listen to the pitter-patter sound of the rain. The poet feels very comfortable and old memories come back to his mind. His mind is in bliss as the memories of his mother come to his mind

DO AS DIRECTED (MP BOARD 2024-25) 10th and 12th

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Do as Directed Exercises for Class 12th Students 

1. The stable door was opened. The horse ran away. [ Join into a simple sentence]

Ans: The stable door being opened, the horse ran away.

2. He wrote the letter yesterday. [Change the voice]

Ans: The letter was written yesterday by him.

3. Rahul is better than any other boy in the class. [ Change into Superlative Degree]

Ans: Rahul is the best boy in the class.

4. He is writing an answer attentively. [Rewrite the sentence using the ‘Noun’ form of ‘attentively’]

Ans: He is writing an answer with attention.

5. The girl resembles her mother. [ Replace the underlined word with a phrasal verb.]

Ans: The girl takes after her mother.

Do as directed

(i) People on the train sang ‘Bhajans’. [Change the voice] [M.P. 2023]

Ans: ‘Bhajans’ were sung on the train by people.

(ii) Samuel said, ‘Swaminathan, ‘Where is your homework?’ [Change into indirect speech] [M.P. 2023]

Ans: Samuel asked Swaminathan where his homework was.

(iii) He put it in an envelope and sealed it. [Turn into a simple sentence.] [M.P. 2023]

Ans: Putting it in an envelope, he sealed it.

(iv) The poor man carried a heavy load. [Change the voice]

Ans: A heavy load was carried by the poor man.

(v) ‘What has he done, father?’, said Swami.[ Change the mode of Narration]

Ans: Swami asked his father what he had done.

Do as directed

(i) The people were too stunned to speak in the beginning. [Rewrite the sentence using ‘so that’]

Ans: The people were so stunned that they could not speak in the beginning.

(ii) The authorities postponed the cricket match. [Change the voice]

Ans: The cricket match was postponed (by the authorities).

(iii) ‘Is there anybody there? said that Traveller. [Change into indirect speech]

Ans: The traveler asked if there was anybody there.

(iv) We should not show cruelty to animals [Write using the ‘adjective’ form of the word underlined]

Ans: We should not be cruel to animals.

(v) You do not take care of your health. you may fall ill. [Join the following sentences]

Ans: Unless you take care of your health, you may fall ill. 

Do as directed

(i)The teacher delivered a lecture to a group of students.[Change the voice] 

Ans: A lecture was delivered to a group of students by the teacher.

(ii) ‘What have you written, Sachin?’, The teacher asked. [Change the mode of narration]

Ans: The teacher asked Sachin what he had written.

(iii) He has worked out the answers carefully. [Change the voice] 

Ans: The answers have been worked out carefully by him.

(iv) The trainer said, ‘Why is everybody late today?’ [Change the mode of narration ]

Ans: The teacher asked why everybody was late that day.

(v) He is the tallest boy in the class. [Change into comparative degree] 

Ans: He is taller than any other boy in the class.

Do as directed

(i) ‘Are cherry seeds lucky?’, asked Rakesh. [Change the mode of narration ]

Ans: Rakesh asked if cherry seeds were lucky.

(ii) The policeman said to the thief, ‘ Where have you kept the stolen goods?’ [Change the mode of narration ]

Ans: The policeman asked the thief where he had kept the stolen goods.

(iii) She said to me, ‘Are you well?’ [Change into Indirect Speech ]

Ans: She asked me if I was well.

(iv) ‘What’s your problem?’ said the doctor to the patient. [Change into Indirect Speech ]

Ans: The doctor asked the patient what his problem was.

(v) ‘How did you get here, child?’ asked the man. [Narration Change]

Ans: The man asked the child how he had got there.

Do as directed

(i) I received a phone call. [Change the voice]

Ans: A phone call was received by me.

(ii) I am writing a poem. [Turn into Passive voice]

Ans: A poem is written by me.

(iii) Many buildings have been damaged by flood. [Change the voice]

Ans: The flood has damaged many buildings.

(iv) Let the door be shut. [Turn into Active voice]

Ans: Shut the door.

(v) My friend gave me a storybook. [Change the voice]

Ans: I was given a storybook by my friend.

Do as directed

(i) Evidently he made a mistake. [Write using the ‘adjective’ form of the word underlined]

Ans: It is evident that he made a mistake.

(ii) She is a swift runner. [Write using the ‘adverb’ form of the word underlined]

Ans: She runs swiftly.

(iii) He rejected all our proposals. [Write using the ‘verb’ form of the word underlined]

Ans: He rejected all that we proposed.

(iv) He turned out to be a meritorious man. [Write using the ‘Noun’ form of the word underlined]

Ans: He turned out to be a man of merit.

(v) The boys are proud of their school. [Write using the ‘Noun’ form of the word underlined]

Ans: The boys take pride in their school. 

Do as directed

(i) Sheetal is the fastest runner in the school. [Turn into positive degree]

Ans: No other runner in the school is as fast as Sheetal.

(ii) St.Paul’s Cathedral is the biggest church in our locality. [Chnage into comparative degree]

Ans: St. Paul’s Cathedral is beggar than any other church in our locality.

(iii) No other Indian poet is as good as Tagore. [Chnage into comparative degree]

Ans: Tagore is greater than any other Indian poet.

(iv) Meat is not more nutritious than soya beans. [Chnage into comparative degree]

Ans: Soybeans are at least as nutritious as meat

(v) No other animal is so ferocious as the tiger. [Change into superlative]

Ans: The tiger is the most ferocious of all animals.

Do as directed

(1) Snigdha is not only wise but also Brave. (Change into a simple sentence).

Ans : Snigdha is wise and Brave.

(2) She is the best student in the class. (Rewrite the sentence using better).

Ans: She is better than any other student in the class.

(3) I said to him, “Do not do it.”. (Change the mode of narration).

Ans: I forbade him to do it.

(4) Kolkata is one of the oldest cities in the world. (Rewrite using the positive degree).

Ans: Very few cities in the world are as old as Kolkata.

(5) My father said to me, “Honesty is the best policy”. (Change the mode of narration).

Ans: My father told me that honesty is the best policy.

Do as directed

(1) I do not know him. (Change the voice).

Ans: He is not known to me.

(2) Give me a glass of water. (Change the voice).

Ans: Let a glass of water be given to me.

(3) Chennai is one of the largest cities in India. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘larger’).

Ans: Chennai is larger than most other cities in India.

(4) He said, “Let us go home.”. (Change the mode of narration).

Ans: He suggested that we should go home.

(5) I am sure of his success. (Change into Complex sentence).

Ans: I am sure that he will succeed.

Do as directed

(1) This is the most beautiful flower in the vase. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘more beautiful’).

Ans: There is no other flower more beautiful than this in the vase.

(2) He said to me, “Please let me go.” (Change the mode of narration).

Ans: He requested me to let him go.

(3) He is the worst boy in the class. (Change to a positive degree).

Ans: No other boy in the class is as bad as him.

(4) Bring some mangoes. (Change the voice).

Ans: Let some mangoes be brought by you.

(5) He completed his examination. He was relieved. (Turn into a simple sentence).

Ans: Completing his examination, he was relieved.

Do as directed

(1) I will be back next year. ( Make it negative).

Ans: I will not be back this year.

(2) He said, “I shall be glad to be here tomorrow.” ( Change the mode of narration).

Ans: He said that he would be glad to be there the next day.

(3) He is too weak to walk. ( Change into a complex sentence).

Ans: He is so weak that he cannot work.

(4) Bangalore is Cooler Than Mumbai. ( Rewrite using ‘cool‘).

Ans: Mumbai is not as cool as Bangalore.

(5) Is this song known to you? ( Change the voice).

Ans: Do you know this song?

Do as directed

(1) Rita has a brother who can help her. (Change into a simple sentence).

Ans: Rita’s brother can help her.

(2) Rahul said to Deepu, “Will you go to school today?” (Change the mode of narration).

Ans: Rahul asked Dipu whether she would go to school that day.

(3) This is the darkest evening of the Year. ( Rewrite using a positive degree of comparison).

Ans: No other evening of the year is as dark as this.

(4) Let the door be shut. (Change the voice).

Ans: Shut the door.

(5) Light runs faster than sound. (Change to a positive degree).

Ans: Sound does not run as fast as light.

Do as directed

(1) Everybody admits to his smartness. (Change into a Complex sentence).

Ans: Everybody admits that he is smart.

(2) Apple is not as sweet as mango. ( Rewrite using sweeter).

Ans: Mango is sweeter than Apple.

(3) He said to me, ‘Bravo! well done.” (Change the mode of narration).

Ans: He said appreciatively that I had done well.

(4) That you are drunk aggravates your offense. (Turn into a simple sentence).

Ans: Being drunk, aggravates your offense.

(5) Advising is not so good as helping. (Change into affirmative).

Ans: Helping is better than advising.

TEST PRACTICE

Explore the Do as Directed Grammar Exercises resources that will enhance your language skills and check your progress with the provided answers.

Exercise 1

Do as directed

(1) Please do this work. ( Change the voice).

Ans: You are requested to do this work.

(2) I am not as large as you. (Change the degree).

Ans: You are larger than me.

(3) He said, “Let him speak first”. ( Change the mode of narration).

Ans: He suggested that we should allow the man to speak fast.

(4) I don’t know when he Departed. (Turn into a simple sentence).

Ans: I don’t know the time of his departure.

(5) Do or die. (Turn into a Complex sentence).

Ans: If you do not do you will die.

Exercise 2

Do as directed

(1) One of my earliest memories is flying kites from the roof. (Use a positive degree of the adjective).

Ans: Very few memories of mine are as early as that of flying kites from the roof.

(2) How could you do it? (Change the voice).

Ans: How could it be done by you?

(3) The mind is fearless. ( Rewrite the sentence using ‘fear‘).

Ans: The mind has no fear.

(4) Wise is he who keeps quiet. (Turn into a simple sentence).

Ans: A wise man keeps quiet.

(5) My mother said to me, “May you have peace and prosperity in your life.” (change the mode of narration).

Ans: My mother wished that I might have peace and prosperity in my life.

Exercise 3

Do as directed

(1) How was the problem solved? (Change the voice).

Ans: How did you solve the problem?

(2) No river in India is as large as the Ganga. ( Make it affirmative).

Ans: Ganga is the largest river in India.

(3) This pen is smoother than all others. (Change the degree of the adjective).

Ans: This pain is the smoothest of all.

(4) ”How cruel he is!” said the little boy. (Change the mode of narration).

Ans: The little boy exclaimed that he was very cruel.

(5) There is no smoke without fire. (Change into positive).

Ans: Where there is smoke, there is fire.

Exercise 4

Do as directed

(1) The time of the examination has changed. Ritesh knew it. (Join into a complex sentence).

Ans: Ritesh knew that the time of the examination has changed.

(2) He said, “Good morning, my friend”. (Change the mode of narration).

Ans: He bade his friend good morning.

(3) They lived in a house town near the town. (Join into a complex sentence).

Ans: They lived in a house that is near the town.

(4) As soon as he entered the house, the rain started. (Make it Negative).

Ans: No sooner had he entered the house than the rain started.

(5) Only the morning star has remained in sight. (Replace ‘only’ with ‘all’ and Rewrite).

Ans: All but the morning star has remained in sight.

Do as directed Questions Answers Set

Different grammatical topics that have been given under the Do as Directed heading is discussed with questions and answers set. Do as Directed grammatical Instruction has been given by the side of each question.

Question Set – 1

Do as directed:

(1) The bus stopped and two women and a man got in together. (Turn into a simple sentence)
Ans: After the stopping of the bus, two women and a man got in together.

(2) How happy we are here! (Make it an Assertive sentence)
Ans: We are very happy here.

(3) Never tell a lie. (Make it affirmative)
Ans: Always speak the truth.

(4) This is the darkest evening of the year. (Re-write into positive degree)
Ans: No other evening of the year is as dark as this.

(5) The sum is very easy. Anyone can do it. (Join using “too”)
Ans: The sum is too easy to do it.

Question Set – 2

Do as directed:

(1) The coach said to the players, “Bravo! you have played well.”(Change into indirect speech)
Ans: The coach applauded the players, saying that they had played well.

(2) By this time next year Diya will be attending her university classes. (Re-write using future perfect tense)
Ans: By this time next year Diya will have attended her university classes.

(3) He said to me, “May God bless you.”(Turn it into indirect speech)
Ans: He wished that God might bless me.

(4) The cheetah is the fastest animal on earth. (Re-write into positive degree)
Ans: No other animal on earth is as fast as the Cheetah.

(5) Who will solve the problem? (Change the voice)
Ans: By whom will the problem be solved?

Questions Set – 3

Do as directed:

(1) Sangeeta runs faster than any other girl in her class. (Rewrite using the positive degree of faster).
Ans: No other girl in her class runs as fast as Sangeeta.

(2) Samuel blamed his friend for the trouble. (Rewrite using the Noun form of blamed).
Ans: Samuel gave his friend the blame for the trouble.

(3) Rahul said to Deepa, “Will you go to school today?”. (Change into indirect speech).
Ans: Rahul asked Deepa if she would go to school that day.

(4) They did not make a sound. They did not stir. (Join using Neither …. nor).
Ans: They neither made a sound nor stirred.

(5) He is going to do the work. (Change the voice).
Ans: The work is going to be done by him.

Questions Set – 4

Do as directed:

(1) We had scarcely set out when it began to rain. (Begin with No sooner)
Ans: No sooner did we set out than it began to rain

(2) I have never seen so beautiful a pearl as this. (Use the comparative degree)
Ans: I have never seen more beautiful a pearl than this

(3) Why waste time reading trash? (Turn into an assertive sentence)
Ans: It is no use wasting time in reading trash.

(4) Of Jesus’s birth many tales are told. (Change into active voice)
Ans: Of Jesus’s birth people tell many tales.

(5) There is no doubt that he is honest. (Use the noun form of honest and rewrite the sentence)
Ans: There is no doubt about his honesty.

Questions Set – 5

Do as directed:
(1) He must confess his fault, or he will be blind. (Change into a simple sentence)
Ans: He must confess his fault to escape blindness.

(2) I am certain of giving you satisfaction. (Turn into a complex sentence)
Ans: I am certain that I can give you satisfaction.

(3) Only the morning star has remained in sight. (Replace ‘only with ‘all’)
Ans: All but the morning star has not remained in sight.

(4) They proclaimed him king. [Change the voice]
Ans: He was proclaimed king by them.

(5) Only the brave deserves the praise. [Make it negative]
Ans: None but the brave deserve the praise.

Questions Set – 6

Do as directed:
(1) Swami gave a quick reply. [Use the adverb form of quick‘]
Ans: Swami replied quickly.

(2) We should seek the poor people in our locality.[Voice change]
Ans: The poor people in our locality should be sought by us.

(3) “Let’s talk freely in the meeting.” our friends said. [Omit inverted commas]
Ans: Our friends suggested that they should talk freely in the meeting.

(4) She seems to be one of the worst girls in the class. [Begin with very few]
Ans: Very few girls in the class seem to be as bad as she is.

(5) I saw the cleaning of the roads. [Change the voice]
Ans: The clearing of the roads was seen by me.

Do as Directed Questions Set – 7

Do as directed:
(1) Saikat said to Rita, “How did you enjoy the Party?” [Change the mode of narration]
Ans: Saikat asked Rita how she(Rita) had enjoyed the party.

(2) It is easier to win freedom than to preserve it. [Change it to a positive degree]
Ans: To preserve freedom is not as easy as to win it

(3) We are proud of Saurav Ganguly. [Rewrite using the verb form of the underline]
Ans: we pride ourselves on Saurav Ganguly.

(4) The Giant said, “What a marvelous sight it is!” [Change the mode of narration]
Ans: The Giant exclaimed in surprise that it was a marvelous sight

(5) As soon as I saw Balmukund, I was shocked. [Use No sooner than]
Ans: No sooner did I see Balmukund than I was shocked.

Questions Set – 8

Do as directed:
(1) It was obvious that he had some defects of speech.[Make it simple]
Ans: Obviously he had some defect of speech.

(2) They are watching the movie. [Change the voice]
Ans: The movie is being watched by them.

(3) I know him. [Make it a complex sentence]
Ans: I know who he is.

(4) Do as I tell you. [Change the voice]
Ans: You are told to do as I told you.

(5) It grows slowly. [Change into a negative sentence]
Ans: It does not grow rapidly.

Questions Set – 9

Do as directed:
(1) “Please sit down”, said the headmaster. [Change into indirect speech]
Ans: The headmaster requested to sit down.

(2) He is never on time. [Make it affirmative]
Ans: He is always late.

(3) We can feel him. [Change the voice]
Ans: He can be felt by us.

(4) He has worked out the answers carefully. [Change the voice]
Ans: The answers have been worked out carefully by him.

(5) You do not take care of your health. You may fall ill. [Join into a single sentence using an adverb clause]
Ans: Unless you take care of your health, you may fall ill.

Questions Set – 10

Do as directed:
(1) “What have you written, Sachin?” The teacher said. [Change into Indirect Speech]
Ans: The teacher asked Sachin what he had written.

(2) He has worked out the answers carefully. [Change the voice]
Ans: If you do not work hard, you may fall ill.

(3) He could not do well in the exam. They worked hard for months together. [Join into a single sentence using an adverbial clause]
Ans: He could not do well in the exam though he worked hard for months together.

(4) They laughed at me. [Change the voice]
Ans: I was laughed at by them.

(5) I am sure of his success. [Rewrite using an Adjective form of the word underlined]
Ans: I am sure that he will succeed.

Questions Set – 11

Do as directed:
(1) Very few girls in the class are as good as Mita. [Change the degree]
Ans: Mita is better than any other girl in the class.

(2) I cheated you. I am sorry. [Join with infinitive]
Ans: I am sorry to cheat you.

(3) The guard said, “Let me do my duty” [change the narration]
Ans: The guard wished that he might be allowed to do his duty.

(4) We had a good dinner last night [change the voice]
Ans: A good dinner was had last night by us.

(5) Very few subjects are as easy as this. [change into comparative degree]
Ans: This is easier than any other subject.

Questions Set – 12

Do as directed:
(1) Did he know the password? [change the voice]
Ans: Was the password known to him?

(2) The monk said, “Do not look down upon the poor.” [Change into indirect speech]
Ans: The monk advised us not to look down upon the poor.

(3) Iron is one of the most useful metals. [Change the degree]
Ans: Very few metals are as useful as iron.

(4) Deepa is writing a letter [Change the voice]
Ans: A letter is being written by Deepa.

(5) My father lives in a big house. The house is by the river. [Join into a single sentence].
Ans: My father lives in a big house that is by the river.

Questions Set – 13

Do as directed:
(1) Raj said, “Will you go to the picnic, Swati?” [change the mode of narration]
Ans: Raj asked Swati if she would go to the picnic.

(2) He could not do well in the exam. He worked hard for months together. [Join into a single sentence using an adverbial clause]
Ans: Though he worked hard for months together, he could not do well in the exam.

(3) They laughed at me. [Change the voice]
Ans: I was laughed at by them.

(4) Very few girls in the class are as good as Mita. [Change the degree]
Ans: Mita is the best girl in the class.

(5) Rome was not built in a day. [Change the voice]
Ans: None build Rome in a day.

Questions Set – 14

Do as directed:
(1) “When will you come back ?”. my father said to me. [Change the narration]
Ans: My father asked me when I should go back.

(2) Who has not seen the India-Pakistan match? [Make it affirmative]
Ans: Everyone has seen the India-Pakistan match.

(3) He said to me, “Will you go to school today ?” [Change into indirect speech]
Ans: He asked me if I should go to school that day.

(4) He was absent. He explained the reason.[Make it simple]
Ans: He explained the reason for his absence.

(5) The poem is too simple to need an explanation. [Omit “Too]
Ans: The poem is so simple that it does not need an explanation.

Questions Set – 15

Do as directed:
(1) The man has said to me, “I can play cricket.” [Turn info indirect speech]
Ans: The man has told me that he can play cricket.

(2) Who wrote the letter? [Change the voice]
Ans: By whom was the letter written?

(3) He speaks too fast to be understood. [Turn into a complex sentence]
Ans: He speaks so fast that it can’t be understood.

(4) The teacher said to the students, ‘Do not write anything on the question paper. [Change the mode of narration]
Ans: The teacher ordered the students not to write anything on the question paper.

(5) I have to make a straw doll. [Change the voice]
Ans: A straw doll has to be made by me.

Questions Set – 16

Do as directed:

[1] The man said to me, “I can play cricket.” [Turn info indirect speech]
Ans: The man has told me that he can play cricket.

[2] Who wrote the letter? [Change the voice]
Ans: By whom was the letter written?

[3] He speaks too fast to be understood. [Turn into a complex sentence]
Ans: He speaks so fast that it can’t be understood.

[4] The teacher said to the students, ‘Do not write anything on the question paper. [Change the mode of narration]
Ans: The teacher ordered the students not to write anything on the question paper.

[5] I have to make a straw doll. [Change the voice]
Ans: A straw doll has to be made by me.

Questions Set – 17

Do as directed:

[1] He is incorrect. [Make it negative]
Ans: He is not correct.

[2] Gold is the most precious metal. [Use the comparative degree]
Ans: No other metal is as precious as gold.

[3] Father asked Swami. “Have you no school today?” [Change the mode of narration]
Ans: Father asked Swami if he had no school that day.

[4] MS Dhoni is the most successful captain of the Indian cricket team. [Make it positive]
Ans: No other captain in the Indian cricket team is as successful as MS Dhoni.

[5] Who does not love his motherland? [Turn into a statement]
Ans: Everyone loves his motherland.

Questions Set – 18

Do as directed:

[1] My father said to me, “Do not neglect your studies.” [Change into indirect]
Ans: My father advised me not to neglect my studies.

[2] The time of his arrival is uncertain. [Use the verb form of arrival]
Ans: when he will arrive is uncertain.

[3] She was selected as the chairperson. [Change the voice]
Ans: People selected her chairperson.

[4] What is done can’t be undone. [Change the mode of voice]
Ans: No one can undo what one does.

[5] He said to his parents. “Let me play cricket.” [Change into indirect speech]
Ans: He wished his parents that he might be allowed to play cricket.

Questions Set – 19

Do as directed:

[1] Very few poets are as great as Rabindranath Tagore [Change the degree of comparison]
Ans: Rabindranath Tagore is one of the greatest poets.

[2] I saw an old beggar. He was sitting under a tree. [Turn into a simple sentence]
Ans: I saw an old beggar sitting under a tree.

[3] He is too idle to shine in life. [Make it a complex sentence]
Ans: He is so idle that he can not shine in life.

[4] She killed herself.[ Change the voice]
Ans: She was killed by herself.

[5] The tourist said, “What a beautiful sight!”. [Turn into indirect speech]

Ans: The tourist exclaimed in joy that it was a very beautiful sight.

Questions Set – 20

Do as directed:

[1] Father said to me. “Why are you so upset?”. [Change into indirect speech]
Ans: Father asked me why I was so upset.

[2] She gave me a camera. It was red in color. [Make it a simple sentence]
Ans: She gave me a red pen.

[3] We have a kite that is big and covered with lovely red paper. [Split the sentence]
Ans: we have a kite. It was big. It was covered with lovely red paper.

[4] Why cry over spilt milk? [Change into an assertive sentence]
Ans: It is useless to cry over spilt milk.

[5] The teacher said to the boys, “Don’t make any noise?” [Change the mode of narration]
Ans: The teacher ordered the boys not to make any noise

natural vegetation and wildlife notes

Notes

Natural Vegetation and Wildlife 

• With over 47,000 plant species, India occupies tenth place in the world and fourth in Asia 

in plant diversity. 

• India has 89,000 species of animals as well as a rich variety of fish in its fresh and marine 

waters. 

• Plant community which grows naturally with no human help and is not disturbed by 

humans for a long time is teemed as natural vegetation. 

• Virgin vegetation which are purely Indian are known as endemic species and those which 

have come from outside India are termed as exotic plants. 

Relief 

• The nature of land influences the type of vegetation. 

• Different types of soils provide basis for different types of vegetation. 

Climate 

• The character and extent of vegetation are mainly determined by temperature along with 

humidity in the air, precipitation and soil. 

• Period of exposure to sunlight varies for different plants leading to their different rates of 

growth. 

• Areas of heavy rainfall have more dense vegetation as compared to other areas of less 

rainfall. 

• Forests are renewable resources and play a major role in enhancing the quality of the 

environment. 

• Vegetation in most parts of India has been modified at some places, or replaced or 

degraded by human occupancy. 

Ecosystem 

• All the plants and animals in an area are interdependent and interrelated to each other in 

their physical environment, thus forming an ecosystem. 

• A very large ecosystem on land having distinct type of vegetation and animal life is called 

a biome. 

Types of Vegetation 

• The major types of vegetation in India are Tropical Rainforests, Tropical Deciduous 

Forests, Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs, Montane Forests and Mangrove Forests. 

• With warm and wet climate all year round the Tropical Rainforests have luxurious trees, 

shrubs and creepers. 

• A large variety of animals are found in the rainforests. 

• The most widespread forests of India — the Tropical Deciduous Forests — are also 

known as the Monsoon Forests. 

• On the basis of the availability of water, these forests are further divided into moist and 

dry deciduous forests. 

• The leaves of vegetation in Thorn Forests and Scrubs are mostly thick and small to 

minimize evaporation and have succulent stems to conserve water. 

• Montane forests have a succession of natural vegetation belts in the same order as we see

from the tropical to the Tundra region.

• Wet temperate forests are found between a height of 1000 and 2000 metres while

temperate grasslands are found at higher elevations.

• At 3600 metres above sea level temperate forests and grasslands give way to alpine

vegetation.

• The mangrove tidal forests are found in the areas of coasts influenced by tides.

• Dense mangroves are the common varieties with roots of the plants submerged

underwater.

Wildlife

• India has more than 1200 species of birds, 2500 species of fish and between 5 to 8 per

cent of the world’s amphibians, reptiles and mammals.

• India is the only country in the world that has both tigers and lions.

• The Himalayas have a large range of animals that survive the bitter cold.

• Every species of animal has a role to play in the ecosystem; hence conservation is

essential.

• Hunting and pollution is causing threat to animal species.

• To protect the flora and fauna of the country, the government has taken many steps.

• Fourteen biosphere reserves have been set up in the country to protect flora and fauna.

• 89 National Parks, 49 Wildlife Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves have been set up to

take care of natural heritage