AARISH SIR
What Are
Globalisation ?
Concept Of Globalisation
• Globalisation
means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people across different
parts of the world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has political,
economic and cultural manifestations and these must be adequately
distinguished.
• As
a concept, globalisation fundamentally deals with flows. These flows can be
ideas moving from one part of the world to another, commodities being traded
across borders and so on.
• The
crucial element is the worldwide inter connectedness which is created and
sustained as a consequence of these constant flows.
• Globalisation
increases the volume of trade in goods and services, inflow the foreign
capital, increases foreign direct investment, creates new jobs, strengthens
domestic economies, improves productive efficiency and healthy competition.
Globalisation need not always be positive. It can have negative consequences
for the people as well. Causes of
Globalisation
• Though
globalisation is not caused by any single factor even than technology remains a
crucial factor.
• The
ability of ideas, capital, commodities and people to move more easily from one
part of the world to another has been made possible by technological advances.
• Any
event taking place in one part of the world could have an impact on another
part of the world. Globalisation, however, does not emerge merely because of
the availability of improved communications only but there are several other
factors also which accelerated the process.
Consequences Of Globalisation
Political Consequences
• Globalisation
results in an erosion of state capacity and limits their functions.
• All
over the world, the old ‘welfare state’ is now giving way to a more minimalist
state that performs certain core functions such as the maintenance of law and
order and the security of its citizens. It is the market that becomes the prime
determinant of economic and social priorities.
• The
entry and the increased role of multinational companies all over the world
leads to a reduction in the capacity of governments to take decisions on their
own.
• At
the same time, globalisation does not always reduce state capacity the primacy
of the state in 2021–22 continues to be the unchallenged in the management of
political community. The old jealousies and rivalries between countries have
not ceased to matter in world politics.
States continue to
be important. Indeed, in some respects state capacity has received a boost as a
consequence of globalisation, with enhanced technologies available at the
disposal of the state to collect information about its citizens. With this
information, the state is better able to rule, not less able. Thus, states
become more powerful than they were earlier as an outcome of the new
technology.
• Due
to Globalisation a new type of global governance seems to emerge such as the UN
to regulated the International Politics. Economic
Consequences
• Economic
facets of globalisation shape a large part of the content and direction of
contemporary debates surrounding globalisation.
• A
much broader way of understanding of economic globalisation requires us to look
at the distribution of economic
gains,i.e. who gets the most from globalisation and who gets less,indeed who
loses from it.
• Economic
globalisation usually involves greater economic flows among different countries
of the world. Some of this is voluntary and some forced by international
institutions and powerful countries.
• Globalisation
has involved greater trade in commodities across the globe; the restrictions
imposed by different countries on allowing the imports of other countries have
been reduced.
• Similarly,
the restrictions on movement of capital across countries have also been
reduced. In operational terms, it means that investors in the rich countries
can invest their money in countries other than their own, including developing
countries, where they might get better returns.
• Globalisation
has also led to the flow of ideas across national boundaries. The spread of
internet and computer related services is an example of that.
• Similarly,
the restrictions on movement of capital across countries have also been
reduced. In operational terms, it means that investors in the rich countries
can invest their money in countries other than their own, including developing
countries, where they might get better returns.
• Globalisation
has also led to the flow of ideas across national boundaries. The spread of
internet and computer related services is an example of that.
• But
globalisation has not led to the same degree of increase in the movement of
people across the globe. Developed countries have carefully guarded their
borders with visa policies to ensure that citizens of other countries cannot
take away the jobs of their own citizens.
• Economic
globalisation has created an intense division of opinion all over the world.
Those who are concerned about social justice are worried about the extent of
state withdrawal caused by processes of economic globalisation.
• They
have emphasised the need to ensure institutional safeguards or creating ‘social
safety nets’ to minimise the negative effects of globalisation on those who are
economically weak.
Some economists have described economic
globalisation as recolonisation of the world.
• Advocates
of economic globalisation argue that it generates greater economic growth and
wellbeing for larger sections of the population when there is de-regulation.
Greater trade among countries allows each economy to do what it does best.
• More
moderate supporters of globalisation say that globalisation provides a
challenge that can be responded to intelligently without accepting it
uncritically. Cultural Consequences
• In
our home, in what we eat, drink, wear and indeed in what we think. It shapes
what we think are our preferences.
• The
cultural effect of globalisation leads to the fear that this process poses a
threat to cultures in the world. It does so,because globalisation leads to the
rise of a uniform culture or what is called cultural homogenisation.
• The
rise of a uniform culture is not the emergence of a global culture. What we
have in the name at the same time, it would be a mistake to assume that
cultural consequences of globalisation are only negative.
• Cultures
are not static things. All cultures accept outside influences all the time.
• Some
external influences are negative because they reduce our choices. But sometimes
external influences simply enlarge our choices, and sometimes they modify our
culture without overwhelming the traditional.
• While
cultural homogenisation is an aspect of globalisation, the same process also
generates precisely the opposite effect.
• It
leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive. This phenomenon
is called cultural heterogenisation.
Liberalisation, Privatisation And Globalisation
21st Century Globalisation
In 1991, India embarked on a programme of
economic reforms that has sought increasingly to de-regulate various sectors
including trade and foreign investment. The acceptance of the LPG of India led
to nation to the policy.
Resistance to Globalisation
• Globalisation
has invited strong criticism all over the globe. For some globalisation
represents a particular phase of global capitalism that makes the rich richer
and the poor poorer.
• Culturally,
they are worried that traditional culture will be harmed under western culture.
• Due
to Globalization the MNCs come to countries and the traditional small
industries could not complete with them and got vanished thus resistance come
from them against the process.
The World Social
Forum (WSF) is a global platform bringing together human rights activists,
environmentalists, labour, youth and women activists opposed to neo-liberal
globalisation.
India and Resistance to Globalisation
• Resistance
to globalisation in India has come from different quarters i.e. left wing
protests to economic liberalisation, trade unions of industrial workforce
organised protest against multinationals, the patents, resistance from
political right i.e. objecting to various cultural influences of foreign T .V.
channels, celebration of Valentine's Day and Westernisation of dress of girl
students in schools and colleges.
• There
have been left wing protests to economic liberalisation voiced through
political parties as well as through some other forums.
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