1. **Van Mahotsav:**
Van Mahotsav, also known as Tree Plantation Day, is an annual tree-planting festival in India. It was initiated in 1950 by K. M. Munshi, the then Union Minister for Agriculture and Food, to create enthusiasm among masses for forest conservation and planting trees. The week-long festival usually takes place in the first week of July, and during this time, various government and non-government organizations, schools, and communities come together to plant trees.
2. **Service Sector:**
The service sector refers to the portion of the economy that provides services rather than producing tangible goods. It includes a wide range of industries such as hospitality, tourism, banking, insurance, education, healthcare, information technology, telecommunications, and various professional services. The service sector is a key driver of economic growth in many countries, contributing significantly to employment and GDP.
3. **Immediate Causes of the Freedom Struggle of 1857:**
- Introduction of the Enfield rifle with cartridges rumored to be greased with cow and pig fat, which offended the religious sentiments of Hindu and Muslim sepoys.
- Discontent among the sepoys due to discriminatory practices, low wages, and lack of career progression.
- Annexation of Oudh (Awadh) and the introduction of the Doctrine of Lapse by the British.
- General economic grievances among Indian soldiers and civilians.
- Discontent among the traditional ruling elites who lost power and privileges under British rule.
4. **Adulteration:**
Adulteration refers to the process of adding impurities or inferior substances to goods, often food or beverages, to reduce costs or deceive consumers. It can involve mixing a pure substance with a cheaper one or adding substances that may be harmful to health. Adulteration is considered unethical and illegal in many jurisdictions as it compromises the quality and safety of products.
5. **Differentiate Rabi and Kharif Crops:**
- **Rabi Crops:**
1. Grown in the winter season (October to March).
2. Examples include wheat, barley, mustard, and peas.
3. Harvested in the spring.
- **Kharif Crops:**
1. Grown in the summer or monsoon season (June to October).
2. Examples include rice, maize, cotton, and millets.
3. Harvested in the autumn.
6. **Reasons for Conducting the Civil Disobedience Movement:**
- Protest against the unjust salt tax imposed by the British government.
- Demand for the complete independence of India.
- Opposition to discriminatory laws and policies.
- Support for the non-cooperation movement against British rule.
- Effort to involve a larger section of society in the struggle for independence.
7. **Features of Green Revolution:**
- Introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds.
- Increased use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
- Expansion of irrigation facilities.
- Modernization of agriculture techniques and machinery.
- Significant increase in crop production, especially of wheat and rice.
8. **Three Reasons for the Struggle of 1857 Revolt:**
- Sepoy discontent due to religious and social reasons.
- Economic grievances and low wages of the sepoys.
- Political and social discontent among the Indian elites.
9. **Meaning of Socialist and Secular:**
- **Socialist:** A socialist system aims to achieve a more equitable distribution of wealth and resources within society. It often involves government ownership or control of key industries and services to promote social and economic equality.
- **Secular:** A secular state is one that does not favor any particular religion and ensures equal treatment of all religions. In a secular state, there is a separation between religion and the government, and individuals have the freedom to practice any religion or none.
10. **Causes Leading to the Establishment of Indian National Congress:**
- To obtain a share in the government for educated Indians.
- To promote the interests of the Indian community.
- To create a platform for civic and political dialogue.
- To address issues related to governance and administration.
- To foster a sense of national unity and identity.
11. **Effects of Terrorism on Society and Measures to Fight Terrorism:**
- **Effects:**
1. Loss of lives and property.
2. Fear and psychological impact on the population.
3. Disruption of normal life and economic activities.
4. Strained inter-community relations.
- **Measures to Fight Terrorism:**
1. Strengthening intelligence and security measures.
2. International cooperation and information sharing.
3. Addressing root causes like poverty and social inequality.
4. Counter-terrorism legislation and measures.
5. Promoting community awareness and cooperation.
12. **Effect of Population Explosion on Society:**
- Strain on resources like food, water, and energy.
- Increased competition for jobs and educational opportunities.
- Pressure on healthcare and social services.
- Environmental degradation and loss of biodiversity.
13. **Kashmir Problem:**
- The Kashmir Problem refers to the territorial dispute between India and Pakistan over the region of Kashmir. Both countries claim the entire region but control different parts of it. The issue has led to multiple conflicts and wars between the two nations.
14. **Panchayati Raj System and Functions of Local Bodies:**
- **Panchayati Raj System:** It is a decentralized system of governance where local self-government institutions, known as Panchayats, play a crucial role in rural administration and development.
- **Functions of Local Bodies:**
1. Local infrastructure development.
2. Social and economic development at the grassroots level.
3. Implementation of government schemes.
4. Promotion of local governance and democracy.
5. Resolution of local issues and disputes.
15. **Effects of Indo-Pak War of 1965:**
- No significant territorial changes.
- Tashkent Agreement signed to restore economic and diplomatic relations.
- Ceasefire and return to the pre-war boundaries.
- Heightened tensions and impact on diplomatic relations.
16. **Functions of the Speaker of Lok Sabha:**
- Presides over the sessions of the Lok Sabha.
- Maintains order and decorum in the house.
- Decides who may speak and imposes disciplinary actions.
- Represents the Lok Sabha in its relations with the President and the Governor of states.
- Decides on points of order and interprets the rules of procedure.
17. **Mixed Economy and Demerits:**
- **Mixed Economy:** An economic system that combines elements of both capitalism and socialism, where both private and public sectors coexist.
- **Demerits:**
1. Economic inequality may persist.
2. Potential for inefficient allocation of resources.
3. Regulatory challenges in balancing private and public interests.
18. **Importance of Wildlife Conservation and Measures:**
- **Necessity:** Wildlife conservation is essential for maintaining biodiversity, ecological balance, and sustainable ecosystems.
- **Measures:**
1. Establishment of protected areas and wildlife sanctuaries.
2. Strict enforcement of anti-poaching laws.
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