Certainly! Here are the answers to the questions:
1. The turning point of the Cold War was |
(a) Cuban Missile Crisis
2. The duration of the World War was |
(a) 1939 to 1945
3. The currency of the European Union is |
(d) Euro
4. The first state formed on a linguistic basis was |
(d) Andhra Pradesh
5. When was the Indian Constitution adopted? |
(c) January 26, 1950
6. What is the Pentagon? |
(a) Headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense
*Important Questions in Political Science for MP Board Class 12*
1. When is the Cold War considered to be completely ended?
- The Cold War is considered to be completely ended with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
2. What is meant by the Cold War?
- The Cold War refers to the geopolitical tension and ideological conflict between the United States and its allies on one side and the Soviet Union and its allies on the other, without direct military confrontation.
3. What does bipolar world mean?
- Bipolar world refers to a global political structure dominated by two major powers or blocs. During the Cold War, the world was considered bipolar with the U.S. and the Soviet Union as the two superpowers.
4. What is the meaning of détente?
- Détente refers to the easing of strained relations, especially between nations. It often implies a reduction in hostility and tensions, as seen during certain periods of the Cold War.
5. From where is the term hegemony derived?
- The term hegemony is derived from the Greek word "hegemonia," meaning leadership or dominance. In international relations, it refers to the dominance or control of one state or group over others.
6. What is the full form of NATO?
- NATO stands for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
7. When was the Shimla Agreement signed?
- The Shimla Agreement was signed on July 2, 1972, between India and Pakistan.
8. Write the names of SAARC member countries.
- SAARC member countries include India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Afghanistan, and the Maldives.
9. What is meant by disarmament?
- Disarmament refers to the reduction or elimination of military forces and weapons.
10. What is the meaning of security?
- Security in the context of international relations refers to the protection of a nation's sovereignty and its citizens from external threats.
Certainly! Here are the answers to the remaining questions:
11. What is globalization?
- Globalization is the process of increasing interconnectedness and interdependence among countries, economies, and cultures, leading to the exchange of goods, services, information, and ideas on a global scale.
12. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, global politics underwent a change.
- True. The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 had a significant impact on global politics, marking the end of the Cold War and the emergence of a unipolar world with the United States as the sole superpower.
13. Where is the headquarters of the International Court of Justice?
- The headquarters of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is located in The Hague, Netherlands.
14. When were the first general elections held in India?
- The first general elections in India were held in 1951-52.
15. Who coined the slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" and for whom?
- The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" (Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer) was coined by Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Prime Minister of India, during the Indo-Pak war in 1965.
16. Write the names of India's four neighboring countries.
- India shares its borders with Pakistan, China, Nepal, and Bhutan.
17. When was the Election Commission of India established?
- The Election Commission of India was established on January 25, 1950.
18. What is the full form of RTI?
- RTI stands for the Right to Information Act.
19. Who is called a refugee?
- A refugee is a person who has been forced to leave their home country due to persecution, war, or violence and has sought refuge in another country.
20. What is a democratic government?
- A democratic government is a form of government in which the power is vested in the hands of the people, either directly or through elected representatives, allowing citizens to participate in decision-making processes.
21. Who was the first Chief Election Commissioner of India?
- Sukumar Sen was the first Chief Election Commissioner of India.
22. What does the term defection mean?
- Defection refers to the act of changing allegiance or loyalty from one political party or group to another.
23. What is meant by proportional representation?
- Proportional representation is an electoral system in which the distribution of seats in a legislative body is proportionate to the votes received by each political party.
24. When and where did the Chipko Movement take place?
- The Chipko Movement, a forest conservation movement, originated in the Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India, in the early 1970s.
25. What is the full form of NFF?
- NFF stands for National Front for Farmers.
26. Write the names of any two regional parties.
- Examples of regional parties in India include the Shiv Sena (Maharashtra) and the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK - Tamil Nadu).
27. "Uttar din-din badhta jaye, Dakshin din-din ghat-ta jaye" - Which movement is this slogan related to?
- This slogan is related to the Bhoodan Movement initiated by Vinoba Bhave.
28. Write three outcomes of shock therapy.
- Shock therapy, in the economic context, refers to rapid and comprehensive economic reforms. Outcomes may include increased foreign investment, economic liberalization, and privatization.
29. Write three reasons for the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
- Economic inefficiency, political reforms under Mikhail Gorbachev, and nationalist movements in various Soviet republics were key factors leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
30. Which policy of the European Union makes it an effective organization?
- The policy of economic integration, particularly the creation of a single market, makes the European Union an effective organization.
31. What are the main points of ASEAN Vision 2020?
- ASEAN Vision 2020 aims for regional peace and stability, economic integration, and a people-oriented ASEAN community.
32. Explain the objectives of planning.
- Planning in the context of government policies aims to achieve economic development, social justice, and the well-being of the citizens through the allocation of resources and implementation of specific programs.
33. What is NITI Aayog, explain?
- NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) is a policy think tank of the Government of India, formed to replace the Planning Commission. It aims to foster cooperative federalism and sustainable development.
34. During the Emergency, the 42nd Constitutional Amendment was made. What was the main reason for this?
- The 42nd Constitutional Amendment, enacted during the Emergency in 1976, aimed to strengthen the powers of the government and limit fundamental rights. It was primarily driven by the desire to consolidate authority.
35. Explain how the state reorganization affected India during the Emergency.
- The state reorganization during the Emergency led to the creation of new states and union territories, altering the administrative and political landscape of India.
36. From the Cold War emerged both the arms race and arms control. What were the reasons for both these processes?
- The arms race resulted from the competitive buildup of military capabilities by the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Arms control efforts emerged to prevent the escalation of tensions and reduce the risk of nuclear conflict.
37. Evaluate the relevance of the Non-Aligned Movement in today's context.
- The Non-Aligned Movement remains relevant in promoting peace, independence, and cooperation among nations, especially in the context of global challenges like climate change and economic inequality.
38. Explain the working methodology of Amnesty International.
- Amnesty International works by documenting and advocating against human rights abuses worldwide. It conducts research, raises awareness, and campaigns for the protection of human rights.
39. Write the names of the main organs of the United Nations and tell which one you consider the most important and why.
- The main organs of the United Nations are the General Assembly, Security Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat, and Economic and Social Council. The importance of each organ varies based on its functions and responsibilities.
40. Explain the chief functions and recommendations of the State Reorganization Commission.
- The State Reorganization Commission, also known as the Fazal Ali Commission, recommended the reorganization of states in India based on linguistic lines to address regional aspirations and promote administrative efficiency.
41. Write about the challenges faced by India as a sovereign nation.
- Challenges faced by India as a sovereign nation include managing diversity, ensuring economic development, addressing social inequalities, and dealing with security concerns.
42. Write a brief comment on the following:
(i) India's nuclear policy
- India's nuclear policy emphasizes a no-first-use doctrine and aims for a credible minimum deterrent for national security.
(ii) Policy of non-alignment
- India's policy of non-alignment involves maintaining independence from major power blocs, promoting peaceful coexistence, and advocating for global disarmament.
43. Explain how the political leadership of a nation influences its foreign policy, citing an example from India.
The political leadership of a nation plays a pivotal role in shaping and implementing foreign policy. Leaders' ideologies, perceptions, and strategic priorities can significantly influence a country's stance on international relations. In the case of India, various political leaders have left their mark on the country's foreign policy.
One notable example is Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India. Nehru was a key architect of India's foreign policy in the post-independence era, and his influence is still evident in some aspects of India's diplomatic approach. Here are some ways in which Nehru's leadership shaped India's foreign policy:
1. **Non-Alignment:**
Nehru was a principal advocate of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). He envisioned a foreign policy that maintained independence from the Cold War blocs, allowing India to pursue a neutral and non-aligned stance. This policy aimed to foster friendships with nations regardless of their alignment with the Western or Eastern bloc during the Cold War.
2. **Panchsheel Principles:**
Nehru played a key role in formulating the Panchsheel principles, a set of five guiding principles for peaceful coexistence. These principles were the basis of India's diplomatic engagements and reflected Nehru's emphasis on international cooperation, mutual respect, and non-interference in the internal affairs of other nations.
3. **Afro-Asian Solidarity:**
Nehru actively supported the cause of decolonization and sought to build solidarity among newly independent nations in Asia and Africa. His leadership aimed at addressing common concerns of developing countries, such as poverty, underdevelopment, and the legacy of colonialism.
4. **Nehruvian Idealism:**
Nehru's foreign policy was influenced by idealism and a commitment to moral values. He believed in the peaceful resolution of disputes, the promotion of democracy, and the establishment of a just international order.
5. **Institution Building:**
Nehru laid the foundation for India's diplomatic machinery and institutions. He established the Ministry of External Affairs and played a crucial role in shaping the Indian Foreign Service. These institutional developments continue to guide India's foreign policy apparatus.
While India's foreign policy has evolved over the years with changing leadership and geopolitical dynamics, the foundational principles laid down by Nehru have left a lasting impact. Subsequent leaders have built upon and adapted these principles to address contemporary challenges, but the influence of early leaders, especially Nehru, is evident in India's commitment to principles of non-alignment, multilateralism, and global cooperation.
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