Friday, September 12, 2025

GEO 1,2&3 M.IMP

GEOGRAPHY

Chapter 1: Resources and Development

Q1. What are the different types of resources? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Resources are things that satisfy human needs and are technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable.
They are classified as:

  1. On the basis of origin:

    • Biotic resources – living things (forests, animals, fisheries).

    • Abiotic resources – non-living things (minerals, metals, land, water).

  2. On the basis of exhaustibility:

    • Renewable resources – can be replenished (solar energy, wind, forests).

    • Non-renewable resources – available in limited stock (coal, petroleum, natural gas).

  3. On the basis of ownership:

    • Individual resources – owned privately (plots, houses, plantations).

    • Community resources – used by all people (grazing grounds, burial grounds).

    • National resources – belong to the nation (railways, roads).

    • International resources – regulated by international bodies (oceans beyond 200 km EEZ).

  4. On the basis of status of development:

    • Potential resources – available but not fully utilized (solar energy in Rajasthan, wind in Gujarat).

    • Developed resources – surveyed and in use (coal, iron).

    • Stock – resources that we know exist but cannot use due to lack of technology (hydrogen as fuel).

    • Reserves – resources available and usable with present technology (water in dams).

Q2. What is resource planning? Why is it important in India?
Answer:
Resource planning is the judicious use of resources to meet the needs of present and future generations. It includes:

  1. Identification and inventory of resources.

  2. Evolving a planning structure with appropriate technology.

  3. Matching resource development plans with national development goals.

Importance in India:

  • India has an uneven distribution of resources. For example, coal is found in Jharkhand but not in Rajasthan.

  • Some regions are rich in minerals but poor in infrastructure.

  • Overuse of resources leads to environmental problems such as deforestation, soil erosion and pollution.
    Hence, resource planning ensures balanced and sustainable development of the country.

Q3. What are the causes of land degradation and how can it be controlled?
Answer:
Causes:

  • Deforestation

  • Overgrazing

  • Mining and quarrying

  • Over-irrigation leading to waterlogging and salinity

  • Industrial waste and urban sprawl

Control measures:

  • Afforestation and proper management of grazing

  • Planting shelter belts of trees

  • Stabilisation of sand dunes by planting grasses

  • Controlling mining activities

  • Proper disposal of industrial effluents

Q4. What are the main types of soils in India? Describe two.
Answer:
The main soils of India are Alluvial, Black, Red, Laterite, Arid, Mountain soils.

  1. Alluvial Soil:

    • Found in northern plains and river deltas.

    • Very fertile, rich in potash and lime but poor in nitrogen.

    • Suitable for rice, wheat, sugarcane, pulses.

  2. Black Soil (Regur Soil):

    • Found in Deccan plateau (Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh).

    • Rich in clay and moisture, becomes sticky when wet.

    • Suitable for cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, oilseeds.

Chapter 2: Forest and Wildlife Resources

Q1. What is biodiversity? What are the different types of species found in India?
Answer:
Biodiversity means the variety of plant and animal life in a region. India is one of the 12 mega-biodiversity countries of the world.

Types of species:

  • Normal species: found in normal number (cattle, rodents).

  • Endangered species: in danger of extinction (tiger, Asiatic elephant, Indian bustard).

  • Vulnerable species: likely to become endangered (blue sheep, spotted deer).

  • Rare species: small population (Asiatic buffalo).

  • Endemic species: found only in a specific area (Nicobar pigeon, Andaman wild pig).

  • Extinct species: no longer found (cheetah, pink-headed duck).

Q2. What are the main causes of depletion of forest and wildlife resources?
Answer:

  • Expansion of agriculture and shifting cultivation.

  • Deforestation for industries, mining and urbanisation.

  • Overgrazing by cattle.

  • Hunting and poaching of animals.

  • Development projects like dams and roads.

  • Environmental pollution and climate change.

Q3. What steps have been taken for conservation of forests and wildlife in India?
Answer:

  • Setting up of biosphere reserves, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.

  • Introduction of Project Tiger (1973) and Project Elephant.

  • Banning of hunting and poaching of endangered species.

  • Social awareness programmes like Chipko Movement, Beej Bachao Andolan, and Joint Forest Management (JFM).

  • Afforestation and reforestation drives.

Q4. What is the Chipko Movement?
Answer:
The Chipko Movement started in the Himalayan region of Uttarakhand in the 1970s. Villagers, especially women, hugged trees to prevent them from being cut down by contractors. It was a non-violent movement to protect forests. It not only saved trees but also created awareness about the importance of forests in maintaining ecological balance.

Chapter 3: Water Resources

Q1. Why is water a renewable resource? Why is there a need for conservation of water?
Answer:
Water is a renewable resource because it is replenished through the hydrological cycle of evaporation, condensation and precipitation. However, fresh water is limited and unevenly distributed.

Need for conservation:

  • Over-exploitation leads to scarcity.

  • Unequal distribution across regions and seasons.

  • Pollution of rivers and groundwater.

  • Growing population and industrialisation increasing demand.
    Hence, water conservation is essential for sustainable development.

Q2. What are multipurpose river valley projects? Give examples.
Answer:
Multipurpose river valley projects are dams built on rivers to serve several purposes such as irrigation, hydroelectricity generation, flood control, fish breeding, soil conservation and navigation.
Examples:

  • Bhakra Nangal Dam – Satluj river, Punjab-Haryana.

  • Hirakud Dam – Mahanadi river, Odisha.

  • Sardar Sarovar Dam – Narmada river, Gujarat.

  • Damodar Valley Project – West Bengal and Jharkhand.

Q3. Explain traditional methods of rainwater harvesting in India.
Answer:

  • Rooftop harvesting – collecting rainwater on rooftops and storing in tanks.

  • Tankas of Rajasthan – underground storage tanks used for drinking water.

  • Bamboo drip irrigation in Meghalaya – bamboo pipes channel rainwater to fields.

  • Khadians and Johads in Rajasthan – community ponds to store rainwater.

  • Kuls in Himachal Pradesh – small channels to divert mountain streams for irrigation.

✅ Map Work (Ch-7: Lifelines of National Economy):

  • Roads: Golden Quadrilateral, North-South Corridor, East-West Corridor.

  • Railways: Major railway zones.

  • Ports: Kandla, Mumbai, Marmagao, Kochi, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Paradip, Kolkata, Haldia.

  • Airports: Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Amritsar, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Thiruvananthapuram.

  • Pipelines: Hazira–Vijaipur–Jagdishpur, oil pipelines from Mumbai to refineries.


on
Labels:

No comments:

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)