Chapter 1: Resources and Development
Q1. What are resources? Explain their types.
Answer:
Resources are all useful materials available in our environment that help satisfy human needs.
Types:
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Natural resources – obtained from nature (land, water, minerals).
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Human-made resources – made by humans (machines, buildings).
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Human resources – human skill, knowledge, labour.
Q2. Define soil erosion. What are its causes?
Answer:
Soil erosion is the removal of the top fertile layer of soil by wind, water, or human activities.
Causes:
Deforestation, overgrazing, mining, over-irrigation, floods, and improper farming practices.
Q3. What is resource conservation?
Answer:
Resource conservation means using resources carefully and responsibly so that they are available for future generations.
Chapter 2: Forest and Wildlife Resources
Q1. What is biodiversity?
Answer:
Biodiversity refers to the variety of plants, animals, and microorganisms living on earth.
Q2. What are the main causes of depletion of flora and fauna?
Answer:
Deforestation, overgrazing, mining, poaching, forest fires, and industrialization.
Q3. What is ‘Project Tiger’?
Answer:
Project Tiger was launched in 1973 by the Government of India to protect tigers from extinction and preserve their habitat.
Chapter 3: Water Resources
Q1. Why is water scarcity increasing in India?
Answer:
Due to population growth, overuse of water for agriculture and industries, unequal distribution of rainfall, and pollution of freshwater sources.
Q2. What is multipurpose river project? Give examples.
Answer:
A dam built for several purposes like irrigation, electricity, flood control, navigation, etc.
Examples: Bhakra Nangal Dam, Hirakud Dam, Sardar Sarovar Dam.
Q3. What is rainwater harvesting?
Answer:
Collecting and storing rainwater for future use. It helps reduce water scarcity.
Chapter 4: Agriculture
Q1. What are the major types of farming in India?
Answer:
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Subsistence farming
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Commercial farming
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Intensive farming
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Plantation farming
Q2. What conditions are required for rice cultivation?
Answer:
Hot and humid climate, temperature above 25°C, high rainfall (100–200 cm), fertile alluvial soil, and plenty of water.
Q3. Name major food crops grown in India.
Answer:
Rice, wheat, millets, maize, pulses, and oilseeds.
Chapter 5: Minerals and Energy Resources
Q1. What is a mineral?
Answer:
A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic substance with a definite chemical composition.
Q2. What are the main types of power resources?
Answer:
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Conventional energy – coal, petroleum, natural gas.
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Non-conventional energy – solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas.
Q3. Why is conservation of minerals important?
Answer:
Minerals are non-renewable and exhaustible. Once used, they cannot be replaced, so conservation is necessary for future generations.
Chapter 6: Manufacturing Industries
Q1. What is manufacturing?
Answer:
Manufacturing is the process of converting raw materials into finished goods through machinery and labour.
Q2. Mention factors affecting industrial location.
Answer:
Availability of raw materials, labour, power supply, transport, market, capital, and government policies.
Q3. Name major industries of India.
Answer:
Iron & steel, textiles, cement, chemicals, petroleum, automobiles.
Chapter 7: Life Lines of National Economy
Q1. Why are transport and communication called the lifelines of national economy?
Answer:
Because they connect people, goods, and services across the country, promote trade, tourism, industry, and support economic development.
Q2. What are the major means of transport?
Answer:
Roadways, railways, waterways, airways, and pipelines.
Q3. What is globalization?
Answer:
Globalization is the process of integrating the Indian economy with the world economy through trade, communication, and international cooperation.
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