MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

 Chapter: Manufacturing Industries 

1. What is Manufacturing?

• Manufacturing: Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products.

• Adds value to raw materials and provides employment.

• It is considered secondary activity (after agriculture, which is a primary activity).

2. Importance of Manufacturing Industries

1. Helps in Modernisation of Agriculture

   • Provides tools, machinery, fertilizers, etc.

2. Employment Generation

   • Provides jobs to a large number of people (both skilled and unskilled).

3. Helps in Economic Growth

   • Increases national income and GDP.

4. Reduces Dependence on Agriculture

   • Shifts excess labor from agriculture to industry.

5. Helps in Export

   • Manufactured goods are exported, earning foreign exchange.

6. Balanced Regional Development

   • Industries set up in backward areas promote development there.

3. Types of Industries

Basis	Type	Examples
Raw Material	Agro-based	Cotton textile, sugar
	Mineral-based	Iron & steel, cement
	Forest-based	Paper, furniture
	Animal-based	Leather, dairy
Size	Small-scale	Handicrafts, toys
	Large-scale	Automobiles, steel
Ownership	Private	TISCO, Reliance
	Public	SAIL, BHEL
	Joint Sector	Maruti Udyog
	Cooperative	AMUL

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4. Major Industries in India

 a) Agro-Based Industries

i. Textile Industry

• Types:

  • Cotton, Woollen, Silk, Jute

• Important centres: Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Coimbatore

• Problems: Power shortage, obsolete machines, competition from synthetic fiber

ii. Jute Industry

• Main state: West Bengal (Hooghly Basin)

• Challenges: Competition from synthetic jute substitutes, high cost

• Exporting Countries: USA, Canada, Ghana

iii. Sugar Industry

• Main states: Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar

• Seasonal nature, old machinery, low productivity

 b) Mineral-Based Industries

i. Iron and Steel Industry

• Key to industrial development – backbone of modern economy

• Major Plants: Bhilai, Durgapur, Bokaro, Rourkela, Jamshedpur (TISCO)

• Raw materials: Iron ore, coal, limestone

• Problems: High costs, low productivity, poor infrastructure

ii. Cement Industry

• Used in construction of buildings, bridges, dams, etc.

• Raw materials: Limestone, silica, alumina, gypsum

• Major producers: Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Chhattisgarh

c) Chemical Industries

• Inorganic: sulphuric acid, nitric acid

• Organic: plastics, drugs, dyes

• Rapid growth after independence

 d) Automobile Industry

• Produces trucks, buses, cars, scooters, motorcycles

• Centres: Delhi, Gurgaon, Pune, Chennai, Jamshedpur

 e) Information Technology and Electronics Industry

• Centres: Bengaluru (Silicon Valley of India), Hyderabad, Pune, Noida

• Fastest growing industry in India

5. Industrial Pollution

Industries cause four types of pollution:

Type	Effect
Air Pollution	Harmful gases (SO2, CO, dust); affects health
Water Pollution	Dumping chemicals in rivers
Land Pollution	Solid waste, toxic chemicals
Noise Pollution	Machinery, transport, drilling, etc.

6. Control of Pollution

• Use of cleaner technologies

• Treatment of industrial waste before discharge

• Use of filters in smokestacks

• Strict laws and enforcement (Environment Protection Act, 1986)

Industrial Location Factors

Industries tend to locate where factors are favorable:

• Raw material

• Power supply

• Water

• Labor

• Transport

• Market

• Capital

• Government policies

  
  Example: Iron and steel plants are located near coal and iron mines.

8. Industrial Regions in India

1. Mumbai-Pune cluster

2. Hugli region (West Bengal)

3. Ahmedabad-Vadodara region

4. Bengaluru-Tamil Nadu region

5. Chotanagpur region (Jharkhand, Odisha, Bengal)

6. Delhi-Meerut region

9. National Manufacturing Policy (NMP)

• Aim: Increase manufacturing sector’s contribution to GDP to 25% and create 100 million jobs.

• Promotes:

  • Eco-friendly industries

  • Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

  • Skill development

Important Terms to Remember

Term	Meaning
SEZ	Special Economic Zone
TISCO	Tata Iron and Steel Company
SAIL	Steel Authority of India Ltd
GDP	Gross Domestic Product
BHEL	Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd

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