GLOBALIZATION

GLOBALIZATION – Class 12 Sociology Notes

1. Meaning / Definition of Globalization

Globalization means increasing interaction, connection, and integration among people, companies, and governments of different countries.
It connects the world through trade, technology, communication, culture, and travel.

In simple words:
Globalization makes the whole world behave like one big village (Global Village).

2. Features / Characteristics of Globalization

1. Free flow of goods and services between countries

2. Easy movement of people (travel, migration, jobs abroad)

3. Spread of technology and information

4. Growth of multinational companies (MNCs)

5. Common global culture (food, music, fashion, brands)

6. Interconnected world economy

7. Quick communication due to internet and mobile

3. Causes of Globalization

1. Development of technology – internet, computers, satellites

2. Transport revolution – airplanes, shipping, rail

3. Liberalization of economy – fewer trade restrictions

4. Growth of MNCs

5. International organizations – WTO, IMF, World Bank

6. Media and communication – TV channels, social media

4. Forms of Globalization

A. Economic Globalization

• Free trade between countries

• Foreign investment

• MNCs expanding everywhere

B. Cultural Globalization

• Spread of movies, music, fashion, food

• Fast food chains: McDonald’s, KFC

• Mixing of cultures

C. Political Globalization

• International cooperation among nations

• Global organizations (UN, WTO)

5. Impact of Globalization

Positive Impacts

1. More job opportunities

2. New technology and modern industries

3. Better quality goods at lower price

4. Improved communication and transport

5. Cultural exchange

6. Foreign investment increases economic growth

7. Educational opportunities abroad

Negative Impacts

1. Cultural loss – traditional culture becoming weak

2. Rich becoming richer, poor becoming poorer

3. Dependence on foreign companies

4. Loss of local industries

5. Environmental harm due to global industries

6. Job insecurity because companies shift to cheaper countries

6. Globalization in India

Globalization in India increased after 1991 economic reforms.
Key changes:

• Entry of foreign companies

• Growth of IT sector (Bangalore, Hyderabad)

• Availability of foreign goods (mobiles, cars, clothes)

• Increase in call centers and online services

• Modern lifestyle and social media influence

7. Advantages of Globalization

1. Economic growth

2. New jobs

3. Modern technology

4. Low-cost imported goods

5. Better education and health services

6. Global awareness

8. Disadvantages of Globalization

1. Cultural westernization

2. Loss of traditional jobs and crafts

3. Pollution and environmental damage

4. Exploitation of workers

5. Economic inequality

Q1. What is globalization?

Ans: Globalization is the growing interconnectedness of different countries through trade, technology, communication, and culture.

Q2. Mention any four features of globalization.

Ans:

1. Free flow of goods

2. Movement of people

3. Spread of technology

4. Growth of MNCs

Q3. Write two positive impacts of globalization.

Ans:

1. More job opportunities

2. Better and cheaper products

Q4. Write two negative impacts of globalization.

Ans:

1. Loss of traditional culture

2. Growing economic inequality

Q5. Explain economic globalization.

Ans:
Economic globalization refers to the integration of national economies through trade, foreign investment, MNCs, and the removal of trade barriers.

Q6. How has globalization affected Indian culture?

Ans:

• Western dress, food, and lifestyle spreading

• Youth adopting global trends

• Increased cultural mixing

• Some traditional customs weakening