Solutions
1. State Raoult’s law for a solution of two volatile liquids.
Answer:
Partial vapour pressure of each component is directly proportional to its mole fraction in solution.
2. What is Henry’s law?
Answer:
Solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas over the solution.
3. Define molality, molarity, mole fraction.
(Very frequent short question.
Electrochemistry
1. Define standard electrode potential.
Answer:
Electrode potential when ion concentration is 1 M and temperature is 298 K.
2. Write Nernst equation for a general reaction.
Answer:
( E = E^0 - \frac{0.0591}{n} \log\frac{[Products]}{[Reactants]} )
3. What is a galvanic cell? Give example.
Answer:
Device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy. Example: Daniell cell
Chemical Kinetics
1. Define order and molecularity of a reaction.
Answer:
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Order: Sum of powers of concentration terms in rate law.
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Molecularity: Number of molecules taking part in elementary step.
2. Write integrated rate equation for first-order reaction.
Answer:
( k = \frac{2.303}{t} \log \frac{[A]_0}{[A]} )
3. What is activation energy?
Energy required to start a reaction.
General Principles & Processes of Isolation of Elements
1. What is froth flotation process?
Used for sulphide ores; ore particles mixed with oil and air to form froth.
2. What is calcination and roasting?
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Calcination: Heating in absence of air.
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Roasting: Heating in presence of air
1. Why is boron a poor conductor?
Because it has a covalent network structure; no free electrons.
2. Write preparation and properties of ammonia.
3. What are interhalogen compounds? Give examples.
CHAPTER 8 – The d- and f-Block Elements
1. Why do transition metals form coloured compounds?
Due to d–d transitions of unpaired electrons.
2. Why do they form complexes?
Small size, high charge, availability of vacant d-orbitals.
3. What is lanthanoid contraction?
Gradual decrease in atomic radius from La to Lu.
CHAPTER 9 – Coordination Compounds
1. Define ligand, coordination number, coordination sphere.
2. Write IUPAC names of:
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([Co(NH_3)_6]Cl_3) → Hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride
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K(_3)[Fe(CN)(_6)] → Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)
3. What is Werner’s theory?
CHAPTER 10 – Haloalkanes & Haloarenes
1. Why are haloalkanes more reactive than alkanes?
Due to polar C–X bond.
2. Write SN1 and SN2 mechanism differences.
3. What is the Wurtz reaction?
2R–X + 2Na → R–R + 2NaX
CHAPTER 11 – Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers
1. Distinguish between alcohols and phenols.
2. Write preparation of alcohols by hydroboration-oxidation.
3. What is Williamson ether synthesis?
CHAPTER 12 – Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids
1. Write Tollens’ test and Fehling’s test.
2. What is nucleophilic addition reaction? Example.
3. Write the mechanism of aldol condensation.
CHAPTER 13 – Amines
1. What is diazotization?
Reaction of primary aromatic amine with NaNO₂ + HCl at 273–278 K to form diazonium salt.
2. Write Hoffmann bromamide reaction.
RCONH₂ + Br₂ + KOH → RNH₂ + K₂CO₃ + HBr
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